Second World War: 1942 (Dec.) Registered cover from Monaco to Red Cross, Geneva franked with 4fr Prince Louis pair tied by 'Monte Carlo / Principauté de Monaco' postmarks. 'Geneve 1' arrival backstamp (Dec. 11)

During the first three years of the war, Monaco had maintained its neutrality. During that time, it operated as a transshipment point, especially for Germany and Italy, both of whom wanted to gain sole control of the Monte Carlo Casino which had not permitted entry since it was founded in 1858.

In a truly audacious and provocative move, the United States established a consulate in Monaco on November 5th, 1942. Following the Allied invasion of North Africa on Nov. 8th (Operation Torch), Germany took over all of Vichy France, virtually isolating Monaco. On November 11th, the Italian army occupied the principality. After Mussolini was overthrown in July 1943, Monaco joined the Allies, but was immediately occupied by Italian forces. They left Monaco on September 9th, and German forces occupied Monaco the very next day. US forces liberated Monaco on September 3rd, 1944.

Monaco never had its own censor's tape or cachet. 'Contenu Vérifié' ('Contents Verified') handwritten at top-left, an informal censorship.

Estimate $125